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The contemporary technological advancements in information and communication technologies (ICT) enable the employment of non-traditional data sources (e.g. satellite data, sensors, cell phone networks data, social media, etc.) in ...
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The contemporary technological advancements in information and communication technologies (ICT) enable the employment of non-traditional data sources (e.g. satellite data, sensors, cell phone networks data, social media, etc.) in different aspects of the public sphere. Datafication is changing the relationship between governments and citizens, and the way governments address policy problems. Nowadays, policy-makers are urged to harness data for policies and public service design, while answering at the same time the demand for citizen engagement; as a consequence, innovative government/governance models appeared to connect these two instances. Although it is not a new concept, the model of Anticipatory Governance is particularly worth considering in light of contemporary data availability. Predictive analytics based on data increasingly realizes predictions for public action, although it presents many controversial implications (e.g. the epistemology of data evidence, public trust and privacy). In this article, we address Anticipatory Governance models emerging from data used in futures thinking and policy-making. To understand this phenomenon, we will briefly retrace current paradigms of futures thinking and Anticipatory Governance concerning policy-making, specifying the contemporary perspective design has on these topics. Then, we identify the use of data in futures thinking practices through a systematic literature search. Finally, we will address the challenges and implications of designing data-driven Anticipatory Governance by portraying three scenarios supported by real cases of data for policy-making.
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This paper frames the idea of design spaces in policy formulation identifying three types (strong, weak, and non-design) and describing their characteristics on the basis of a three-folded analysis: an exploration in the design li...
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This paper frames the idea of design spaces in policy formulation identifying three types (strong, weak, and non-design) and describing their characteristics on the basis of a three-folded analysis: an exploration in the design literature to understand how scholars are reporting on the connection between design and policy and identifying a debate mainly focused on policy outputs (public services) and policymakers' capacities; an exploration of policy literature to analyse design in policy formulation and depict a focus on processes of policy development; a connection with practitioners' points of view through a small series of interviews with policy experts covering different roles. The notion of formulating better policies through establishing optimal design spaces is built upon to result in the description of three spaces where design impacts policy formulation, establishing a meso-level of reflection that provides a link between design and policy as theoretical reference for further empirical experimentations.
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Effective design innovation policy is increasingly recognized as a driver for competitiveness and prosperity of nations. Policymakers in Europe face a challenge when evaluating the effectiveness of design innovation policies due t...
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Effective design innovation policy is increasingly recognized as a driver for competitiveness and prosperity of nations. Policymakers in Europe face a challenge when evaluating the effectiveness of design innovation policies due to a lack of reliable and comparable data. The European Commission has demonstrated its commitment to design through investment in a number of initiatives that seek to place design at the core of national policy agendas. This paper provides an overview of the policy for design agenda in Europe, discusses the challenges of evaluation, offers a proposed approach to macro design innovation policy indicators and presents a scenario based approach that helps to benchmark the relative national performance of design innovation policy. The use of a scenario based approach links available data through a narrative approach to an overall picture of the relative performance of design innovation policy at a national level. While our research has demonstrated that there are no reliable and comprehensive data sets currently available for design across Europe, we conclude with a consideration of the challenges and limitations of a scenario based approach to evaluation design innovation policy at a macro level.
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Policy participation requires a democratic decision-making process, though typical co-design approaches focus more on immersing participants in the design process and facilitating creative thinking. This research proposes a new co...
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Policy participation requires a democratic decision-making process, though typical co-design approaches focus more on immersing participants in the design process and facilitating creative thinking. This research proposes a new concept of policy co-design workshops to ensure both policy and co-design values. The feasibility and acceptability of policy ideas were found to be key requirements in policy co-design. The requirements were designed to be fulfilled through a gamified policy co-design workshop - Policy Puzzle Game - with a jigsaw puzzle-style toolkit and process. The game was used in real policy development by a municipal government with participating citizens, activists, civil servant s, and design thinking facilitators. The major findings from post-workshop interviews include insights on the engagement process of the game, the unique roles of different stakeholder groups, and their contributions to making policy ideas feasible and acceptable. Based on the findings, possibilities for further application of the game and the significance of the research are discussed.
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It was the mid-1980s when Japan was told that it will become a highly aged society in the years to come. To cope with the rapid change, a research and development project was conducted with government funding, followed by policy i...
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It was the mid-1980s when Japan was told that it will become a highly aged society in the years to come. To cope with the rapid change, a research and development project was conducted with government funding, followed by policy implementation of several kinds, in particular the proposal of dwelling design concepts acceptable in people's later years. The paper attempts to report progress, and discusses the remaining issues to be resolved to bring about an inclusive society.
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At the intersection between theory and practice on “design” and “policy,” there is small but expanding knowledge base on the concept of “design for policy.” Government interest in design methods for policy-making has grown s...
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At the intersection between theory and practice on “design” and “policy,” there is small but expanding knowledge base on the concept of “design for policy.” Government interest in design methods for policy-making has grown significantly since the late 1990s, particularly within policy labs. Policy labs are multidisciplinary government teams experimenting with a range of innovation methods, including design, to involve citizens in public policy development. There are more than 100 labs across the globe and around 14 at national and regional levels in the UK. While new policy labs continue to pop up, some are changing and some are closing their doors. How have the operating models of policy labs evolved? How might we enhance the resilience of labs? These are some of the questions explored in a 2-year Arts and Humanities Research Council Fellowship called People Powering Policy. The research draws on insight from established Labs including Policy Lab in the Cabinet Office, HMRC Policy Lab and the Northern Ireland Innovation Lab as well as emerging labs to address the research question: how might policy labs be developed, reviewed and evaluated? Based on interviews, workshops and immersive residencies the main outputs were a Typology of Policy Lab Financing Models and a Lab Proposition Framework for establishing, reviewing and evaluating policy labs. The typology outlines four models for UK labs financing models – Sponsorship (funding from one or multiple departments), Contribution (labs recover part of the costs of projects), Cost Recovery (labs charge for projects on a not-for-profit basis), Hybrid (labs benefit from multiple income sources such as Sponsorship, charging and knowledge exchange funding) and Consultancy (labs charge a consultancy rate with a profit margin to expand operations). The Lab Proposition Framework comprises of four components (1) Proposition – the vision, governance and finance models; (2) Product – the offering, user needs and tools; (3) People – the people skills, knowledge diffusion and wider capacity building; (4) Process – the routes to engagement, user journey and promotion mechanism.
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Payments for ecosystem services offer the potential to financially benefit landowners in exchange for active forest management. Given their nontimber focus, such payments might be particularly attractive to those owners who do not...
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Payments for ecosystem services offer the potential to financially benefit landowners in exchange for active forest management. Given their nontimber focus, such payments might be particularly attractive to those owners who do not participate in typical forestry programs. To investigate, we surveyed "nonparticipating" Wisconsin landowners to assess their interest in possible payments for ecosystem services. Our design experimentally compared the effects of ecosystem service type (carbon storage, water, and wildlife) and program sponsorship (government and market) on landowner interest. We also tested the effects of increasing program requirements (no requirements, written plan, required practices, and required inspections). Findings indicate that 42% had some interest under no requirements. This portion dropped to 18% with requirements that resemble how payments might work in practice. Under "real-world" requirements, reliance on a forester in future decisions and the importance of a forest-based income were significant explanatory factors. Findings suggest that program requirements are key in shaping landowner willingness.
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Governments encourage use of electric vehicles (EV) via regulation and investment to minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Manufacturers produce vehicles to maximize profit, given available public infrastructure and government ...
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Governments encourage use of electric vehicles (EV) via regulation and investment to minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Manufacturers produce vehicles to maximize profit, given available public infrastructure and government incentives. EV public adoption depends not only on price and vehicle attributes, but also on EV market size and infrastructure available for refueling, such as charging station proximity and recharging length and cost. Earlier studies have shown that government investment can create EV market growth, and that manufacturers and charging station operators must cooperate to achieve overall profitability. This article describes a framework that connects decisions by the three stakeholders (government, EV manufacturer, charging station operator) with preferences of the driving public. The goal is to develop a framework that allows the effect of government investment on the EV market to be quantified. This is illustrated in three scenarios in which we compare optimal public investment for a city in USA (Ann Arbor, Michigan) and one in China (Beijing) to minimize emissions, accounting for customer preferences elicited from surveys conducted in the two countries. Under the modeling assumptions of the framework, we find that high customer sensitivity to prices, combined with manufacturer and charging station operator profit maximization strategies, can render government investment in EV subsidies ineffective, while a collaboration among stakeholders can achieve both emission reduction and profitability. When EV and station designs improve beyond a certain threshold, government investment influence on EV adoption is attenuated apparently due to diminishing customer willingness to buy. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that a diversified government investment portfolio could be especially effective for the Chinese market, with charging costs and price cuts on license plate fees being as important as EV subsidies.
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Investing in innovation is considered as a crucial step for economic growth of a country; yet there is little consensus in the literature on the short-run effectiveness of tax benefits for innovative firms. For this reason, this s...
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Investing in innovation is considered as a crucial step for economic growth of a country; yet there is little consensus in the literature on the short-run effectiveness of tax benefits for innovative firms. For this reason, this study evaluates an Italian public program introduced in 2012 aimed at fostering young innovative firms. A discontinuity in the eligibility rules generates a quasi-experimental design, which allows us to estimate the causal effects of the policy. The results show an increase in the number of partners, and therefore generation of new investors, but no significant effects on firms' share of intangible assets, turnover, or number of employees. These developments are driven by a generous tax benefit offered by the policy to investors with no strict requirements. We conclude that a policy that links tax cuts to actual investments in innovation is necessary to achieve the policy maker's target.
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摘要 :Design theory and practice are increasingly prevalent in legal and justice systems, at times reframing the relationship between the law and the world it seeks to make just. This article presents my professional experiences introdu...
展开Design theory and practice are increasingly prevalent in legal and justice systems, at times reframing the relationship between the law and the world it seeks to make just. This article presents my professional experiences introducing design theory, methods, and mindsets into legal and government contexts, highlighting challenges and tensions across various legal design projects. Challenges include the justice sector's struggles dealing with complexity, the unfamiliar logics of design and abductive reasoning, and the legacy of positivist and instrumentalist philosophies. As a response, I propose a legal design that incorporates phronesis and re-orients around anticipation, rather than prediction.收起
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